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a. Synonyms:
- Nutritional group.
b. Function of Vitamin A:
- Vitamin A is essential in poultry rations, not only for growth but for optimum vision and for maintaining the integrity of the mucous membrane.
c., Vitamin A requirements of poultry.
- 1200-1600 I.U. perpound of ration for laying and breeding hens. No higher than 600 I.U. for starting chicks.
d. Symptoms of deficiency:
1. Adult chickens.
- 1. When adult chickens are placed on a diet severely deficient in vitamin A. symptom usually develop within 2-5 months, the length of time depending upon the amount of Vitamin A stored in the liver and other tissues of the body.
- 2 . Emaciation and weak, feather ruffled.
- 3. Drop in egg production, decrease in hatchability, increase in embryonic malpositions and mortality in eggs from affected birds.
- 4. Watery discharge from the nostrils and eyes, eyelids are often stuck together.
- 5. In late stage, milky white, caseous material forms in the eyes.
2. Chicks.
- 1. Age: 3 weeks and over
- 2. Action: Chronic
- 3. Cessation of growth, drowsiness, weakness, incoordination, emaciation and ruffled feathers.
- 4. Inflamed watery eye or caseous eyes.
- 5. Nostril discharge
- 6. Soil feathers
- 7. Pale beak and legs.
e Lesions:
1. Adult chickens.
- 1. Nodules. Lesions first appear in the upper alimentary tract and are largely confined to the mucous glands and thin ducts. The original epithelium becomes replaced by a stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium which blocks the ducts of the mucous gland causing them to become distended with secretions and necrotic materials.
- 2. Small, white pustles are found in the nasal passage, mouth, esophagus, pharynx and may extend into the crop.
- 3. Lesions become larger and are raised above the surface of the mucous membrane and show a depression in the center.
2. Chicks:
- 1. Lesions in the mucous membranes of the head, esophagus, crops, and respiratory tract.
- 2. The kidneys become pale and show a network of fine white lines (renal tubules filled with urates). Deposits of urates have been found on the heart, pericardium, liver and spleen of affected birds due to kidney injury.
- 3. Enlarged gall bladder.
3. Histopathology:
- 1 Atrophy of the cytoplasm and loss of cilia in columnar ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract.
- 2. Respiratory epithelium transformed into stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.
f. Diagnosis:
Differential diagnosis.
Characters
Pox
Trichomonas
Thrush
Coryza
VIT. A. DEF
Eye
Nodule
-
-
Watery Caseous
Watery Caseous
Nostril
-
-
-
Slightly discharge
Slightly discharge
soil feathers
-
-
-
+
+
Odor
-
-
-
+
Slight
Pale beak
-
-
-
-
+
Action
Chronic
Chronic
Chronic
Acute
Slight
Coughing
-
-
-
+
-
Mouth
Caseous Anterior part
Canker Posterior
Necrotic Posterior
Mucous
Nodules Posterior
G.I Occurance
-
Low esophagus, mouth all the way down
Esophagus mouth
=
Esophagus Mouth
Shape
Circular
Cone
Round
-
Round
Removal of lesions
Bleed
Difficult to remove
Easily removed
-
Easily removed
Kidney lesion
-
-
-
-
+ g. Prevention:
Adequate Vitamin A in the ration.
h. Treatment:
Ration of high Vitamin A level should be given, 5000 I. U. Vitamin a per pound of ration.
a. Synonyms:
Rickets, Osteomalacia
b. General Considerations.
Vitamin D is required by poultry for the proper metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the formation of the normal bony skelter hard beaks and claws, and strong egg shells. The primary actions of vitamin D appears to be concerned with increasing the absorption of calcium.
Vitamin D3 requirements of poultry depend upon the sources of phosphorus in the ration. The amounts of and the ratio of calcium phosphorus, and the extent of exposure to direct sunlight.
d. Symptoms.
- 1.symptoms started about 2-3 months after they were deprived of vitamin D.
- 2. Marked increase in the numbers of thin-shelled and softshelled eggs, followed soon afterward by a marked decreased in egg production. Hatchability is also marked decrease.
- 3. Leg weakness, "penguin type squat". The beak, claws, and keel become very soft and pliable.
- 4. Inward curve of the ribs.
1. Mature chickens.
- 1 . Bones are soft and break easily. Well defined knobs are sent on the inner surface of the ribs where the sternal pc join the vertebral portions.
- 2. Enlarged parathyroid gland.
- 3. Swollen hocks.
2. Chicks
- 1. Beading of the ribs at their juncture with the spinal column and a bending of the ribs downward and posteriorly.
- 2. Poor calcification at epiphyses of the tibia or femur.
- 1. More sunlight.
- 2. Feeding of a single massive does of 15,000 IC.U of vitamin D3 cured richitic chicks more promptly than when generous levels of the vitamin were added to the feed.
*Very high levels of vitamin D3 200 .00 I.C.U.or more per pound of diet (hyper-vitaminosis D), causes renal damage. This is due to calcification of the kidney, tubules, the aorta and other arteries, especially the blood vessels of the spleen.
a. Synonyms:
Avian encephalo Crazy Chick Disease.
b General consideration:
Vitamin E is fat soluble, unstable organic compounds known as tocopherols, d-Alpha-tocopherol possesses the greatest degree of Vitamin E activity . Tocopherols are found in the germ oil of seeds, such as wheat, corn, and soybeans, and in alfalfa meal.
c. Symptoms of deficiency:
1. Mature chickens.
- l) No outward symptoms.
- 2) Embryo from hens fed vitamin E-low rations may die as early as the 4th day of incubation. (early embryo mortality).
- 3) Testicular degeneration occurs in males deprived of vitamin E over prolonged periods of time.
2. Encephalomalacia in chicks.
- l) A nervous derangement characterized by ataxia, backward or downward retraction of the head, sometimes with lateral twisting, forces movements, increasing incoordination a rapid contraction and relaxation of the legs, and finally complete prostration and death.
- 2) Age: 2-4 weeks.
- 3) The cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres, the medulla, and the midbrain are effected most commonly in the order named.
- 4). In chicks which are killed soon after the appearance of symptoms of encephalomacia, the cerebellum is soften, swollen, and the meninges are edematous. Minute hemorrhages are often visible on the surface of the cerebellum. The necrotic area may show a greenish-yellow opaque appearance.
In the cerebrum, the necrotic tissue is frequently pale, swollen, and wet, and in the early stages become sharply delineated from the remaining normal tissue.
- 5) Microscopically, edema in the beginning is followed by capillary hemorrhage, thrombosis, and necrosis of neurogliar elements and ganglion cells. Edema is probably the most constant and striking feature.
3. Exudative diathesis in chicks.
- 1) Edema of the subcutaneous tissue associated with abnormal permeability of the capillary walls produces greenish blue and viscous fluid under the skin.
- 2) Microcytic anemia.
4. Muscular dystrophy in chickens and ducklings.
- l) When vitamin E deficiency is accompanied by a methionine or selenium deficiency, chicks show symptoms of muscular dystrophy, particularly of the breast muscle at about 4 weeks of age
- 2) Light-colored streaks of easily distinguished affected bundles of muscle fibers in the breast. In ducks, throughout all skeletal muscles of the body.
- 3) Histological examination, the intramuscular tissue is edematous, and the muscle fibers are seen to have undergone hyaline degeneration, leaving only masses of cell nuclei apparent in some areas.
5. Enlarged hock disorder in turkeys.
- l) Age: 2-3 weeks.
- 2) Hock enlargement and bowed legs.
6. Treatment of Vitamin E Deficiency.
- l) Symptoms of exudative diathesis and muscular dystrophy in chicks are readily reversed if not too far advanced, by administration of Vitamin E.
- 2) Encephalomalacia, may or may, respond to treatment with Vitamin E, depending upon the extend of the damage to the cerebellum.
7. Field differential diagnosis of Vitamin E deficiency.
Characters
Cit. E. Def.
AE
ND
Age
2-4 weeks
A few Days
----
Season
Hot summer
Any time
Fall winter
Action
Chronic
Acute
Acute
Spread
No
Some
Fast
In coordination
+
+
+
Head Tremble
Slight
A lot
----
Respiratory
-
-
+
No. involved
Few
Few+
Many
Swollen brain
+
-
-
Stomach
Swollen
-
Swollen, hemorr
Air sac
-
-
+
An inflammation of the unfeathered parts of chicks and poults, caused by a deficiency of Vitamin B6 (pantothenic acid).
1. symptoms:
- 1. Slow growth and extremely ragged feathering.
- 2. Scabby lesions appear at the corners of the mouth, on the edge of the eyelids, around the vent, and bottom of the feet . (Dermatitis).
- 3. Lower hatchability and higher embryonic mortality.
2. Lesions
- 1. Pus like substance in the mouth and an opaque grayish-white exudate in the proventriculus.
- 2. Dermatitis.
- 3. Liver is hypertrophied. The spleen sometimes atrophied.
- 3. Treatment:
- a. Injection or oral administration of the vitamin.
a. General considerations.
- Thiamine is required by poultry for the metabolism of carbohydrate. Thiamine is a water-soluble, heat-unstable compound.
- The cereal grains and their by products, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal and alfalfa meal are all relatively rich sources of thiamine.
b. Symptoms and pathology.
- 1. Symptoms appear in 2-3 weeks after chicks were placed on a thiamine-deficient diet.
- 2. Anorexia is the first symptom, followed by loss in weight, ruffled feathers, leg weakness, and an unsteady gait.
- 3. Paralysis of muscles, beginning with the flexors of the toes and progressing upward affecting the extensor muscles of the legs, wings and neck.
- 4. The chicken, characteristically, sits on its flexed legs and draws the head back in a "star gazing" position.
- 5. Slow down of metabolism, body temperature dropped to 96°F.
c. Treatment:
Response quickly with oral administration of thiamine.
a. General consideration.
Riboflavin forms the active part of over a dozen enzyme systems in the body. Heat stable, water soluble compound. Riboflavin is present in milk by-products, alfalfa, grass meal, and liver, It is also synthesized by yeasts and bacteria.
b. Symptoms
- 1. Age: 3-4 weeks .
- 2. Action: Chronic.
- 3. Grow slowly, become weak and emaciated, their appetite is fairly good.
- 4. Diarrhea develops between the first and second week.
- 5. The chicks do not walk unless forced to do so, walk with the aid of wings curled inward. Paralysis also seen, drop wing, let muscle atrophied.
c. Lesions:
- 1. Atrophied thymus gland
- 2. Enlarged of the nerve, 4-5 times, due to swelling and edema.
- 3. Notched beak.
d. Treatment:
- 1. High riboflavin diet.
- 2. When the curled-toe deformity is long-standing, irreparable damage has occurred.
Required by poultry for growth reproduction, and prevention or prosis. Also required for development of normal bones.
a. Signs and Symptoms:
- Age: 3-5 weeks.
- Action: Chronic.
- The affected number in the flock is low, but there is always a few in every flocks.
- Excellent appetite.
- The disorder is aggravated by excessive quantities of calcium and phosphorusin the ration.
- In laying and breeding birds, manganese deficiency results in lowered egg production, hatchability and reduced egg shell strength.
b. Lesions:
- Puff off the hock may see hemorrhage. Lots of serum around the hock joint. Tendon may be slip.
c. Diagnosis:
- 1. Slipped tendon. No nerve involvement.
- 2. The shortened limbs and parrot beak are typical of the effect of manganese deficiency upon embryo.
3. Differential diagnosis.
Characters
Rickets
Perosis
Incident in flock
Low
Low
Appetite
Poor
Good
Feathers
Rough
Normal
Soreness
Yes
No
Bones
Rubbery
Hard
Tendon
Normal
Slip
Break
Rubbery
Normal
Puffy hock
yes
yes
a. Symptoms
Osteodystrophy or osteoporosis. Unilateral depression of the skeleton in caged-layers. Usually mineral requirement in the feed is higher in the cage than on the floor (Ca, P). Birds are in heavy production, lameness due to bone fracture, go out of production. Broken wings, Resemble Marek's disease.
b. Lesions
Head of femur (acetabulum) bones easily broken
c. Diagnosis:
Go by lesions. No nerve involvement.
d. Prevention
- 1. Avoid stress
- 2. Ration require higher calcium and phosphorus.
e. Treatment:
- 1. Put the birds back to the ground.
- 2. Phosphorus in the ration should be increased by adding bone meal or dicalciumphosphate antibiotics have been used to help the intestinal problems and restore normal absorption and digestion. Treatment period is usually 4-5 days.
a. Etiology:
- 1. Excess intake of calories 900 cal/lb feed.
- 2. Deficiency of lipotrophic agents.
- 3. Presence of mold toxins in the feed.
b. Symptoms:
- 1. Increase body weight and (fat). (25-30%).
- 2. Drop in egg production (10-30%). from 75-85% to 45-55%
- 3. Action is chronic
- 4. May die of ruptured liver capsule.
- 5. Generally more often in cage layers than in those on the floor.
c. Lesions:
- 1. Excessive subcutaneous fat.
- 2. Massive fat deposit in intestines, covering gizzard, kidneys, and base of heart.
- 3. Typical yellow liver showing extreme infiltration of fat . normal liver seldom contains as much as 70% fat. lacks the firm texture of a normal organ and may be soft Sometimes hemorrhages occurs beneath liver and evidence of healing may be seen.
d. Prevention.
Use at least 600 grams of choline chloride, at least 500 I.U. of Vitamin E., and mgs Bl2 per ton of feed.
e. Treatment:
Supplement the ratio with 100 grams of choline chloride, 10,000 I. U. Vitamin E, 12 Bl2 per ton of feed.
It is a nutritional disease characterized by internal deposits of sodium urate.
a. Etiology:
- 1. It occurs most frequently among fowls kept on high-protein diets.
- 2. Vitamin A deficiency or any abnormality which impairs kideny function.
- 3 . Lack of exercise.
- 4. Insufficient intake of water.
b . Symptoms:
- 1. Age: Any.
- 2. Action: Chronic
- 3. Forms: Articular and visceral
- 4. No noticeable symptom for visceral form
c. Lesions.
- 1. Sodium urates could deposit in any visceral organ
- 2. The kidneys are often enlarged, light in color, and spotted with an excess or urates. The ureters are frequently enlarged and packed with urates.
- 3. The heart is often affected.
d. Prevention:
Plenty of water, exercise, lower protein level diet.
Rupture of the aorta and consequent internal hemorrhage is an important cause of mortality in turkeys. Up to 20% mortality had been reported.
a. Etiology:
- 1. Not definitely known.
- 2. Atherosclerosis or genetic inheritance of defective blood cessels.
- 3. High blood pressure.
- 4. High fat diet.
b. Signs:
- 1. Clinical signs are seldom seen
- 2. Occasionally, death is proceeded by gasping and by blood running out of the mouth.
- 3. Age: Poults 10-16 weeks of age, occurs more in males than females, especially in fast-growing birds.
c. Lesions:
- 1. Body cavity filled with blood
- 2. The rupture occurs in a dilated area aneurysm of aorta
d. Prevention:
- 1. Use tranquilizer, reserpine, administered through the feed. (reduce blood pressure).
- 2. Experimentally induced aortic rupture studies have shown a reduction of the problem by feeding whole oats, oat hulls or dehulled oats.
