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Cuticle of anterior part of body is ornamented with condors - curricular ridges or epaulette-like thickenings. The condors may be recurrent, that is they may run down the body and turn back forward again or non-recurrent that is they do not do this and they may anastomose. Lips usually triangular shaped - pharynx cylindrical. Parasites in walls of gizzard proventriculus, esophagus and crops of birds.
"Gizzard worm" 29 mm - nematodes found in gizzard of fowl and turkey.Condors are double cuticular ridges with irregular outline extend far back along body.
Intermediate host:
Grasshopper (Melanoplus), various beetles and weevels.
Site:
Underneath horny lining of gizzard where it produces soft nodules in masculature and this weakness it.
Clinical symptoms - none if mild - emaciation weakness - droopiness - anemia - rupture in the form of large sack develops.
1. Diagnosis:
Difficult. Spiurid eggs in feces may to tentative diagnosis. Diagnosed on necropsy.
Treatment:
Unsatisfactory - Carbon tetrachloride, oil of Chenipodium and Tetracthorethyline - have been used
Preventive measures: Rear birds on wire
2. Acuria spiralis
"Spiral stomachworm" - 10 mm - nematode parasites found in wall of Proventriculus and Esophagus - rarely intestine.
In fowl, turkey, pigeon, guinea fowl, pheasant
Condors have a sinous course and are recurrent but do nto anastomose.
Intermdiate host:
Isopods (Porcello laevis, P. scaber)
Pathogenesis:
Deep ulcers are observed in severe infections with the anterior end of worms embedded. Extensive destruction of glands produced. This parasite causes rapid weight loss - inspite of a voracious appetite. Birds become weak and anemic.
The worms are found in esophagus, and proventriculus, gizzard and small intestine of duck, goose, swan, wild and aquatic fowl.Condors non-recurrent and they anastomoce in pairs. Cuticle also bears longitudinal rows of spines.
Life Cycle:
Water flea, Daphnia pulex serve as intermediate host.
Pathogenesis:
A marked inflammation is observed with formation of nodules which have caseous content. Nodules may become so large as it cause machanical interference or obstruction. Birds become dull - feed stop - ruffled feathers - sudden death.
Treatment:
Unknown. Prevention difficult. Dranage of stagnant ponds - exudate wild water fowl.
Family - tetrameridae - Related to Acuriidae but have no condors. Shows marked sexual dimophism. Male white and filiform with or without spines on cuticle. Tail end or female b=globular in Tertrameres or coiled in Microtetrames.
The female is spherical in shape, blood red in color - and lies embedded in proventriculus gland of birds.The male is slender and armed with four rows of cuticular spines and is free in lumen of proventriculus but may follow females into gland temporarily for copulation.
In U.S. and South Africa
- Female 3.-4 5 x 3 (Sub spherical) mm
- Male 5-5.5 mm
Intermediate host: Orthopteran insect (Melanoplus femurrubum M. differentiales. Blatella germanica). Male die after copulation after leavign glands. Female contain eggs 35 days after infection but reach full size after 3 months.
Worm suck blood - damage when migrate - may kill chicken, may produce marked inflammation (raise on wire or bare ground).
In ducks, pigeons, fowl, turkeys and wild aquatic fowl Male 3-6 mm.Female 2.5 x 1.3.5 mm - Intermediate host are host crustacia, Daphina pulex and Gammarus pulex. Corpulate before female migrate into glands.
- Male - 4.1 mm
- Female 1.5 - 3.5 x 1.2 -2.2 mm
Similar to other species
