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"Dourine trypansome" - Genital organs, blood, skin, lymph nodes, central nervous system of horses - 26 microns. Eradicated from USA where it was once widespread.
The conditions transmitted by sexual contact and has been known by several names: "genital glanders", "equine veneral disease dourine" - rarely is it transmitted by bitting flies and by infective discharges. Mortality 60-75% lesions of nodular vaginitis, balantitis and the presence of 1/2 dollar raised plaques on the skin along ventral abdomen with areas of alopecia.
"Genital Trichamonad" - to 25 microns. In uterus, vagina, prepurce of cattle. This protozoa is fairly common with incidences as high as 30% in some herds. The losses from infections in this country has been as high as $8.04 million annually. It was first reported in 1932 by Emerson in Iowa. It has 3 anterior flagella and a posterior flagellum and is spindle or pear shape.
It is transmitted by coitus and can be transmitted through artificial insemination. Non veneral transmission is rare. Early abortion is a characteristic feature (1-6 week after breeding). The fetus is often so small that the owner does not realize an abortion has occured, believing that cow failed to conceive. Bredding problems in a herd may be indicative of the infection which warents an investigation.
What other conditions are associated with abortions?
Dignosis is made and confirmed by finding the organism in the genital organs (exudates etc) either direct or indirect through cultures using a CPLM (cystine-peptone-liver extract-maltose serum) medium, EGPS (beef extract-glucose-peptone serum) medium. Several other media have been used especially when organisms are scant or difficult to find in suspected cases.
Treatment is unnecessary in the female since the condition is self limiting treatment unsatisfactory for these infections. Treatment is expensive in the bull - involve considerable time. Various salves or ointments have been recommended in a repeated massage application of penis prepuce as well as the injection of 1% acraflavine solutions into the urethra. The ointments contain trypaflavine and surfen.
Most infected bulls should be slaughtered. Give cows breeding rest period and breed by artificial insemination to avoid infecting clean bulls - proper herd management - Pay special attention to bulls prior to purchasing. Check for pathogen.
larvae (in horses) - In tunica vaginalis testes (erraticaly).
In tunica vaginalis testes.
larvae - In ovary erractically.
In mammary gland (erraticlly) (cattle)
Pseudoparasite in vagina cattle- man (rarely)
In mammary gland (erratically) Dog.
Host and Location: Oviduct, cloaca, and Bursa Fabricii of domestic poultry ducks, and wild birds, mainly in the Great Lakes region.
The adult fluke is small (about 1/4 inch long) and reddish in color. embroyonated eggs are expelled through the anus in feces. Eggs are ingested by very small aquatic snails (Amnicola limoso porata), the intermediate host. In snails only sporocysts occur and these form cecariae. The cercariae are drawn into the anal opening of immature dragon flies by their breathing movements. In the insect, the cercariae burrows into the body cavity, develop for about 2 months and encyst in muscle tissues. The avian host becomes infected by feeding on dragon flies containing metacercariae. In the avian definitive host the metacercariae yields and immature worm which migrates to the Bursa of Fabricii. Cloaca, or oviducts were it grows to adults form. Development of the flukes takes about 1 week in chickens and 3 weeks in ducks. The flukes live for about 3-6 weeks in chickens but up to 18 weeks in ducks.
In heavy infection, the oviduct is greatly distended, and filled with pus and egg material. The intestinal tract may be congested and covered with a fibrinous exudate.
This is the most pathogenic fluke infecting poultry, it causes a sharp decrease in egg production and in heavy infections generally inactivity of the host. In advanced cases peritonitis results and the abdomen asumes a bluish red color. The flukes are occasionally found in eggs.
Demonstration of eggs of flukes in the feces. Eggs are not easily found in droppings, probably, because they are discharged irregularly. A sharp drop in egg production in an endemic area is suggestive that the flukes may be present.
Primarily preventing birds from eating the second intermediate host, dragon flies, also prevent contamination of water by definitive hosts.
None available.
Ascaridia galli - in chicken turkeys (rarely). In oviduct and eggs (erratically)
